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Italian

The lesson

When a, di, da, in or su meet a definite article (il, lo, l’, la, i, gli, le), they join into one word: a + il bar becomes al bar, su + il tavolo becomes sul tavolo. This isn’t slang or a shortcut you can skip: a il is simply wrong in Italian.

You already know both halves. The preposition gives the start of the word and the article gives the end, so the forms follow the article rules you learned earlier. English has nothing quite like it, but you’ll hear these forms so often that they soon feel natural.

Five prepositions join the article

Only five prepositions join up: a (to, at), di (of), da (from, at someone’s), in (in) and su (on). Whenever one of them is followed by il, lo, l’, la, i, gli or le, write them as one word.

Without an article, nothing joins: a Roma, in Italia, di Marco. The joining only happens when the is there.

a, da, su: just add the article

With a, da and su, the preposition stays as it is and the article is glued on: a + il = al, da + il = dal, su + il = sul.

One spelling detail: when the article starts with l (lo, l’, la, le), the l doubles: a + la = alla, da + lo = dallo, su + le = sulle. With i and gli there’s nothing to double: ai, dagli, sui.

Hold the double l a moment longer when you speak: al-la, sul-la.

in and di change shape: ne-, de-

In and di change before the article: in becomes ne- and di becomes de-. Then the usual rules apply: in + il = nel, in + la = nella, di + il = del, di + la = della.

So you’ll never see in il or di la: it’s nel frigorifero and la porta della chiesa.

The article decides the ending

To choose the form, find the article the noun takes on its own, then join. Lo stadio → vicino allo stadio. L’ospedale → vicino all’ospedale. Gli uffici → vicino agli uffici.

Everything you know about lo (before s + consonant and z), l’ (before a vowel) and gli carries straight over. Here’s the whole set, with the article part highlighted:

adidainsu
ilaldeldalnelsul
loallodellodallonellosullo
l’all’dell’dall’nell’sull’
laalladelladallanellasulla
iaideidaineisui
gliaglideglidaglineglisugli
lealledelledallenellesulle

Not sure? Say the noun with its article first, lo zaino, then glue: nello zaino.

in cucina, a casa: when there’s no article

With rooms and many everyday places, Italian uses a bare in or a with no article, so nothing joins: sono in cucina, lavoro in banca, studio in biblioteca, torno a casa. These are the chunks you met with the simple prepositions.

The article comes back as soon as you say which one: in cucina (in the kitchen), but nella cucina della nonna (in grandma’s kitchen). In banca, but nella banca di mio padre.

Some places usually take the article, so learn them as chunks too: al bar, al ristorante, al cinema, al mare.

Everyday patterns: near, flavours, of, from

Some patterns use joined forms all the time. Before a place, vicino (near) takes a: vicino al museo, vicino alla stazione. Flavours and sauces use a + the article: un gelato alla fragola, spaghetti al pomodoro.

Di + article means of the: la mappa della città. Da + article means from the: il treno parte dal binario 3.

con and per stay separate

Con (with) and per (for) normally don’t join: studio con gli amici, un regalo per la nonna. The same goes for tra/fra: tra il bar e la farmacia.

You may hear col (con + il) and coi (con + i) in everyday speech, but con il and con i are always correct, so stick with those.

Common mistakes

  • a la stazionealla stazioneA + la always join into one word: alla.
  • in il frigoriferonel frigoriferoIn becomes ne- before the article: in + il = nel.
  • nel zainonello zainoIt’s lo zaino, so in + lo = nello.
  • al ospedaleall’ospedaleIt’s l’ospedale, so a + l’ = all’.
  • dei studentidegli studentiIt’s gli studenti, so di + gli = degli.
  • Sono nella cucina.Sono in cucina.For a room at home, Italians just say in cucina; the article comes back only when you say which kitchen.
  • alla cinemaal cinemaCinema ends in -a but is masculine (il cinema), so al.

The full table

Only these five prepositions join with the article. The article part follows the usual rules.

aal · allo · all’ · alla · ai · agli · alle
didel · dello · dell’ · della · dei · degli · delle
dadal · dallo · dall’ · dalla · dai · dagli · dalle
innel · nello · nell’ · nella · nei · negli · nelle
susul · sullo · sull’ · sulla · sui · sugli · sulle

Con and per don’t join: con il latte, per la stazione.

Everyday places often skip the article: in cucina, in banca, a casa.

In short

  • a, di, da, in, su + the article make one word: al, del, dal, nel, sul.
  • in → ne-, di → de-, and the l doubles before lo, l’, la, le: alla, nello, sulle.
  • The ending follows the noun’s article: lo zaino → nello zaino, gli uffici → agli uffici.
  • Everyday places skip the article (in cucina, a casa); add it when you say which one (nella cucina della nonna). Con and per stay separate.