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Italian

The lesson

Connectors (connettivi) tell your reader how one idea relates to the next: tuttavia (however), pertanto (therefore), anzi (on the contrary), qualora (should). At C1 you choose the connector that fits both the logic and the register, put it in the right place, and give it the right mood.

Most connectors take the indicative. A small group of purpose and condition words always takes the congiuntivo, and a few take an infinitive. English speakers also trip over a few false friends: infatti is not the corrective in fact, and siccome can’t simply replace because.

Contrast: tuttavia, eppure, ciononostante

Però and ma are the everyday contrast words. Tuttavia (however) is their neutral-to-formal partner: it can open a sentence or sit inside it, between commas. Eppure (and yet) adds surprise: the second fact is unexpected, given the first.

Ciononostante, also written ciò nonostante, means despite this. Nondimeno means the same and belongs to literary and academic prose. Invece compares two things side by side: io resto, lui invece parte. All of them take the indicative.

Concessive conjunctions such as benché and sebbene, which take the congiuntivo, have their own topic later in C1.

Correcting: bensì and anzi

After a negative, bensì replaces one idea with another: non tecnico, bensì politico. It’s the formal version of non… ma, and the replacement must follow it straight away.

Anzi works differently. After a negative it means on the contrary and pushes towards the opposite, often further: Non è antipatico, anzi: è simpaticissimo. After a positive it means or rather: È bravo, anzi bravissimo; Ci vediamo domani, anzi no, dopodomani.

Cause and consequence

To give a cause: perché (everyday, after the main clause), poiché (formal, before or after), giacché (formal, a little literary), dato che and visto che (neutral: given that, seeing that), in quanto (formal, usually after; it can stand before a bare adjective: respinta in quanto incompleta). Siccome is everyday and opens the sentence: Siccome pioveva, siamo rimasti a casa.

To draw a conclusion: quindi and perciò (everyday), dunque (neutral, and the therefore of logic), pertanto and di conseguenza (formal). All of them take the indicative.

EverydayFormal
causeperché, siccome (first), visto chepoiché, giacché, in quanto
consequencequindi, perciòpertanto, di conseguenza

Adding and clarifying: inoltre, infatti, cioè

Inoltre (furthermore) adds a point. Peraltro adds one too, often as a side remark: what’s more, incidentally. Del resto means after all, besides.

Infatti confirms what came before with evidence: sure enough, indeed. It is not the corrective in fact of English: for it looked easy; in fact it was hard, use in realtà (or invece). In effetti concedes a point: admittedly, come to think of it.

To explain or rephrase: cioè (everyday), ossia and vale a dire (neutral to formal). Ovvero today usually means that is, but in legal and older texts it can mean or. When it matters, write cioè for that is and oppure for or.

Purpose and condition: the congiuntivo

Purpose: affinché (formal) and perché (everyday) + congiuntivo mean so that: Te lo dico perché tu lo sappia. In modo che + congiuntivo works the same way. When the subject doesn’t change, use an infinitive instead: per, in modo da, or the formal al fine di.

Condition: purché, a patto che and a condizione che (provided that) and qualora (should, in the event that) all take the congiuntivo. Qualora is formal and never takes the future or the conditional: qualora avesse bisogno, not avrà bisogno.

ConnectorFollowed by
affinché, in modo checongiuntivo: tu possa
qualora, purché, a patto checongiuntivo: avesse, torni
al fine di, in modo da, perinfinitive: ridurre, evitare
the others in this topicindicative

Pairs: sia… sia, né… né, non solo… ma anche

Sia… sia and sia… che both mean both… and; sia… sia is the more careful written form. Non solo… ma anche adds a second point and stresses it.

Né… né means neither… nor. When the pair comes before the verb, it carries the negation alone: Né Marco né Luca sono venuti. When it follows the verb, non goes in front of the verb: Non sono venuti né Marco né Luca.

Register and punctuation

A formal email, a report or a contract calls for pertanto, tuttavia, poiché, in quanto, bensì, qualora, affinché and al fine di. A chat with a friend runs on però, quindi, perché, siccome and cioè. The formal words aren’t wrong in speech; they just sound stiff.

Punctuation: a connector inside the sentence goes between two commas, or none, but never just one: La consegna, tuttavia, è in ritardo. Before a connector that opens a new clause, a semicolon is common: Il treno era in ritardo; pertanto abbiamo perso la coincidenza.

Common mistakes

  • Siamo rimasti a casa, siccome pioveva.Siccome pioveva, siamo rimasti a casa.Siccome opens the sentence. After the main clause, use perché or poiché.
  • Ti mando il file affinché lo leggi.Ti mando il file affinché tu lo legga.Affinché always takes the congiuntivo.
  • Qualora avrà bisogno, mi chiami.Qualora avesse bisogno, mi chiami.Qualora takes the congiuntivo, never the future.
  • Né Marco né Luca non sono venuti.Né Marco né Luca sono venuti.With né… né before the verb, drop non.
  • Sembrava facile; infatti era difficilissimo.Sembrava facile; in realtà era difficilissimo.Infatti confirms. To correct an impression, actually is in realtà.
  • La conferenza non si terrà a Roma, anzi a Milano.La conferenza non si terrà a Roma, bensì a Milano.To swap one thing for another after non, use bensì or ma. Anzi reverses or strengthens.
  • La consegna tuttavia, è in ritardo.La consegna, tuttavia, è in ritardo.A connector in mid-sentence takes two commas or none, never just one.

Connectors by job

Pick by meaning first, then by register. The mood is the indicative unless the row says otherwise.

contrasttuttavia, però, eppure, ciononostante, nondimeno, invece
correctionnon… bensì / ma; anzi
causepoiché, giacché, dato che, visto che, in quanto; siccome at the start
consequencepertanto, dunque, quindi, perciò, di conseguenza
additioninoltre, peraltro, del resto; infatti confirms
clarificationcioè, ossia, vale a dire, ovvero
purposeaffinché, in modo che + congiuntivo; al fine di, in modo da + infinitive
conditionqualora, purché, a patto che + congiuntivo
pairssia… sia/che, né… né, non solo… ma anche

In mid-sentence, a connector sits between two commas: La consegna, tuttavia, è in ritardo.

Né… né before the verb: no non. Né Marco né Luca sono venuti.

Infatti confirms; actually is in realtà.

In short

  • Contrast: tuttavia, eppure, ciononostante, nondimeno; swap with bensì after non; reverse or push further with anzi.
  • Cause: poiché, giacché, dato che, visto che, in quanto; siccome goes first. Consequence: quindi, perciò, dunque, pertanto, di conseguenza.
  • Infatti confirms; actually is in realtà. Cioè, ossia and vale a dire explain; ovvero can also mean or in legal texts.
  • Affinché, in modo che, qualora, purché, a patto che + congiuntivo; al fine di, in modo da + infinitive; the rest take the indicative.
  • Né… né before the verb: no non. Formal writing: pertanto, tuttavia, poiché; speech: però, quindi, perché.